![]() ![]() Most adolescents naturally shift their sleep to later, highlighting the importance of school start time in respect of avoiding chronic sleep deprivation. Studies during the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that children’s sleep duration increased with a transition to circadian phase delay. Disorders related to initiating and maintaining sleep being more common, and it is estimated that around 16% in a group of Egyptian children experienced EDS during the pandemic. Most studies about sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic in this population address insomnia, psychological symptoms, and the impact of disrupted sleep–wake schedules. The pandemic not only affected the sleep of adults, but also that of children and adolescents This deserves particular attention, as sleep is crucial in respect of physical and cognitive development in these groups. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms through which a virus or vaccination could trigger hypersomnias remain unclear. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread infection and the administration of an enormous number of vaccinations, which led researchers to consider whether there was a risk of the infection and/or vaccination triggering hypersomnias, as was seen in 1918 during the Spanish flu and in 2010 following H1N1 vaccination. Moreover, the timing of wild-type infection and seasonality are hypothesized to be factors contributing to the appearance or worsening of hypersomnias, according to a recent report by the International Alliance for Biological Standardization. ![]() Hypersomnia associated with a psychiatric disorderįrom the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Īs potential neuroimmunological diseases, hypersomnias (narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS)) and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH)) can be triggered by external factors, such as upper airway infection, H1N1 influenza, or neuroimmunological response to vaccination.Hypersomnia due to a medication or substance.The hypothesis that there is a pathophysiological mechanism by which the virus, vaccination, and the effects of quarantine aggravate hypersomnias is discussed in this review.īOX 1. ![]() In all age groups, delayed sleep time was frequent in studies of patients with hypersomnolence. Both increased and decreased sleep duration and improved and worsened sleep quality were described. ![]() Kleine Levin syndrome, hypersomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and narcolepsy were aggravated and exacerbated in some case reports in the literature. Recent findingsĪt present, there is no consensus on the association between hypersomnias and COVID-19 vaccination or infection per se however, the data suggest that there has been an increase in excessive daytime sleepiness due to vaccination, but only for a short duration. This narrative review is focused on the literature published in the past 2 years and provides an update on current knowledge in respect of the triggering of CNS hypersomnias by infection per se, vaccination, and circadian rhythm alterations caused by social isolation, lockdown, and quarantine. The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), led to a worldwide effort to quickly develop a vaccine to contain the pandemic and reduce morbidity and mortality. Central nervous system (CNS) hypersomnias can be triggered by external factors, such as infection or as a response to vaccination. ![]()
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